Mongolia witnessed the birth of "Temujin bin Yesukai Bahadur" in the year (549 AH = 1155 AD), and his father was the head of a Mongol Tribe called "Qiyat" And he was known for his severity and strength, so other tribes feared him, and his son was named "Temujin" by this name after his birth on the day of his victory over one of the tribes with which he was conflicting And he was able to eliminate their leader, who bore this name.
He died in the year (561 AH = 1167 AD), leaving a heavy burden and heavy responsibility for "Timujin" The eldest son, who was the Juicy Of The Terror did not exceed thirteen years old And would not have been able to carry the consequences of a large tribe such as "Qayat" So his father's Allies abandoned him And the supporters and followers left him, and his tribe took advantage of his young age and refused to enter into Obedience to him, despite being the Legitimate Heir to the Presidency of his tribe, and he turned around another leader, and his family lost Prestige and the Sultan,and became lives a harsh life, tasting the bitterness of hunger, poverty and deprivation.
Establishment Of The State
Temujin's Mother succeeded in gathering the weak family together, urging her four sons to Patience and Struggle, opening the door of hope for them, and instilling in them determination and persistence, until they became strong young men, especially Temujin, who showed the signs of leadership and the Tendency to the presidency, while enjoying a strong edifice that made him The first wrestler among his peers.
Temujin was able to bravely maintain his family's pastures, so their conditions improved, and some tribes began to flock to him that marked him with Leadership And he was able to force dissidents from followers and relatives to return to their tribe And he entered into a conflict with those who refused to join under his leadership Which was finally resolved in his favor, until he succeeded in having his entire tribe "Qayat" owe allegiance to him When he was under twenty years old.
Temujin continued his plan to expand at the expense of his neighbors So he extended his control over a vast area of Mongolia Extending to the Gobi Desert Where the residences of a large number of Tatar tribes And then entered into conflict with his ally The head of the Krayit tribe And relations had Worsened between them due to intrigues and intrigues And "Onk Khan" The leader of the Krayit Was afraid of the growing power of Temujin and the increase in his influence So yesterday's allies turned into enemies and opponents And they ruled to the sword And the Victory was in favor of Temujin in the year (600 AH = 1203 AD) So he seized the their capital, "Karakorem" and made it the base of his kingdom, and Temujin became after his victory the most powerful Mongol Figure And he was called a Qagana And he was known as "Genghis Khan", meaning the emperor of the world.
After that, he spent three years Consolidating his power and controlling the Mongol-inhabited areas, until he was able to unite the whole of Mongolia under his authority, and the Uighurs entered into his obedience.
The Law Of Yasa
After he settled the matter, he turned to reforming internal affairs, so he established a governing council called "Quriltai" in the year (603 AH = 1206 AD) and invited him to meet, in which the insignia of his kingdom were determined for the first time, and he organized his empire, and he developed for his people a tight constitution called "The Law of Yasa" to regulate life, after he saw that the Mughal Morals and Values Customs and traditions do not meet the requirements of the new state And it was not a code, so he reconsidered some of them, and accepted others, and responded to what he saw as Inappropriate And the Constitution dealt with multiple matters to regulate life in the emerging state And obligated the organs The state to implement its provisions and act accordingly And stressed the punishment of wrongdoers.
Subjugate China
Genghis Khan collided with the Chinese Empire Which was ruled by the Song Dynasty And it did not stop inciting the Turkish And Mongol Tribes against each other So that they would be preoccupied with themselves and secure their evil, so Genghis Khan wanted to put an end to the Interference of the Chinese in the affairs of the Mongol Tribes And at the same time he looked forward to China's Wealth and treasures So he clashed with it for the first time in the year (608 AH = 1211 AD) And was able to score a number of victories over the Chinese forces And subjugate the country located within the Great Wall of China And put it on it subordinate rulers.
Then he repeated the invasion of China a second time after mobilizing so huge crowds in the year (610 AH = 1213 AD) But he did not achieve a decisive victory, then an attempt was made to reconcile between the two parties But it did not succeed So Genghis Khan returned to fight And turned his army Which was returning to his country And clashed with the Hordes of China Which had not prepared to fight And won them in a Decisive Battle As a result of which the Capital Beijing fell in the year (612 AH = 1215 AD) And its fall had a huge bang And a harbinger of the Islamic kingdoms that sheltered the fugitives of his enemies And showed the man's military talents on the fields of war and combat.
After Genghis Khan finished his war with China He turned his gaze to the west And determined to eliminate his enemies from the Tribes Of The Nayman And The Marquit And Kujlik Khan so of Tayank the leader of the Naiman Had been able In cooperation with Sultan Muhammad Khwarizm Shah Sultan of the Khwarizmi State To divide the Karakhtar State in (607 AH = 1210 AD) And established a state that extended from Tibet to the borders of the Algorithmic State But he did not enjoy much of what he established Genghis Khan sent him a large army Led by one of the His competent men were able to eliminate Kojlik and his army in the year (615 AH = 1218 AD) And he also sent his son Joji to track down the leader of the Merkit Tribe So he was able to eliminate him and his followers.
The Clash With The Algorithmic State ( Khwarazmian State )
Genghis Khan was not yet expanded his authority, and his influence extended seeking to clash with Sultan Muhammad bin Khwarazm Shah But he wanted to establish a good relationship And conclude trade treaties with him So he sent him three Muslim merchants for this purpose So Sultan Muhammad agreed to that And then went a large trade delegation of the Mongols amounting to about 450 merchants all of whom were Muslims Carrying different types of goods And went to the city of Atrar And instead of practicing their work in the sale And buying The ruler of the city Yanal Khan Accused them of being spies dressed as merchants And sent to the Sultan to tell him so
So he believed him and asked him to monitor them until he saw his opinion on them But "Yanal Khan" killed them Confiscated their trade And seized what they had And some historians mention that Sultan Muhammad is the one who ordered this And that his governor did not do this foolish act on his own.
Genghis Khan was very angry And protested against this reckless act And sent to Sultan Muhammad asking him to hand over "Yanal Khan" to punish him for his crime But the Sultan refused the request And not only that, But killed The Delegation that carried the message Interrupting all hope of understanding with the Mongols And that was in the year (615 AH = 1218 AD).
Genghis Khan prepared for a major campaign against the algorithmic state And moved his armies to Transoxiana When he reached the division of his armies on it And was able to easily control major cities such as Atrar, Bukhara, and Samarkand, and did not find what he was waiting for from resistance and defense And committed what chilling of killing Burning and destruction His armies killed the Inhabitants of the city of Atrar from their Father's reel And Genghis Khan Burned Bukhara to the end And violated the sanctity of its mosque The Great Mosque And killed thousands of its innocent inhabitants.
He continued to march his armies Tracking Sultan Muhammad Whose heart was shaken by fear And lost the ability to resist and resist So he kept moving from one country to another until he took refuge in one of the small islands, in the Caspian Sea, where the disease intensified, and he died in (617 AH = 1220 AD).
Jalal al-Din Mankabrti endured the resistance brigade after his father And he proved The strongest heart So he succeeded in resisting Gathering followers Mobilizing Supporters And defeating the Mongols in the battle of Brown in the year (618 AH = 1221 AD)
When people heard of this victory they rejoiced with great Joy after Despair overwhelmed them And some cities revolted against their garrison from the Mongols And this victory could have been followed by other victories if the intention was sincere and the Determination was true.
But soon a dispute broke out between the leaders of Jalal al-Din's Armies And one of them withdrew.
The dream of Defense Collapsed, Jalaluddin collapsed in front of the Mughal Hordes defeats continued after they were dissolved, and Jalaluddin was forced to withdraw and flee to India.
Satisfied with what he had achieved, Genghis Khan returned to Mongolia to put down a Revolt against him there Which he managed to put down.
It is impossible to know the real number of victims of the Mongol Invasion But many historians estimate it at 40 Million and researchers estimate that he killed three-quarters of the population of present-day Iran in his war on the Algorithmic Empire And perhaps the strangest thing is that despite all these bloodshed he was tolerant of other religions His wars were wars of extension of influence and power and not religious wars He issued laws that allow freedom of belief and exclude places of worship from taxes, this tolerance had a side This is of course for the peoples who entered his kingdom without Resistance while the Mamluks who resisted him destroyed it to the point of Annihilation As he did with the Khwariz empire.
Genghis Khan's Death
Genghis Khan died in 1227 and was succeeded on the throne by his son Oktay.
Before his death, he ordered that his empire be divided between his children and grandchildren And his death and Burial Place is a puzzle It is said that he died of Injuries resulting from falling from his horse But other sources mention many other possibilities Such as Malaria or death due to an arrow that hit his knee And whatever the method of his death Genghis Khan worked hard to keep his burial place secret According to some sources The members of his Funeral Procession Slaughtered everyone they Encountered in Their way to the burial place and after his burial, they made the horses trample on his burial place to hide it.
The grave is probably at a Mountain in Mongolia named Barkhan And even today its location is not specified And in the end Genghis Khan is no different from the rest of the people who gave themselves absolute power to extend their influence over the lands of others, and because of that they committed the most heinous crimes And Make Blood, Homes And People's Symptoms Are Permissible.
